Optimización del flujo del líquido de diálisis en la hemodiafiltración on-line / Optimization of dialysate flow in on-line hemodiafiltration

Introducción: La hemodiafiltración on-line (HDF-OL) es actualmente la técnica más efectiva. Varios estudios aleatorizados y metaanálisis han observado una reducción de la mortalidad, con una asociación en relación directa con el volumen convectivo. En el momento presente no está bien establecido si el aumento del flujo del líquido de diálisis (Qd) puede suponer mejores resultados en términos de eficacia convectiva y depurativa. El objetivo del estudio fue valorar, en pacientes en tratamiento con HDF-OL, el efecto de la variación del Qd sobre el volumen convectivo y su capacidad depurativa. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 59 pacientes, 45 varones y 14 mujeres que se encontraban en programa de HDF-OL con monitor 5008 Cordiax con autosustitución. Cada paciente fue analizado en 5 sesiones con HDF-OL posdilucional, con dializadores de helixona, en las que solo se varió el Qd (300, 400, 500, 600 y 700 ml/min). En cada sesión se determinaron concentración de urea (60 Da), creatinina (113 Da), 2-microglobulina (11.800 Da), mioglobina (17.200 Da) y 1-microglobulina (33.000 Da) en suero al inicio y al final de cada sesión, para calcular el porcentaje de reducción de estos solutos. Resultados: Se objetivó un aumento de litros de Qd por sesión, desde 117,9±6,4 L con Qd de 300 ml/min hasta 232,4±12 L conQd700 ml/min.Nose determinaron cambios en el volumen de sustitución ni en el volumen convectivo. En términos de difusión, el incremento del Qd mostró un aumento significativo de la dosis de diálisis, con un aumento de Kt de 68±6,9 L con Qd 300 ml/min hasta 75,5±7,3 L con Qd 700 ml/min (p < 0,001), y un aumento progresivo del porcentaje de reducción de urea con el incremento del Qd, que era significativamente inferior con Qd 300 ml/min. No se objetivaron cambios en el resto de moléculas estudiadas. Conclusión: La variación del Qd en HDF-OL no modifica el volumen convectivo. Un mayor Qd mostró un discreto incremento de la depuración de la urea, sin variaciones en las medianas ni en las grandes moléculas. Es recomendable optimizar el Qd al mínimo posible que garantice una adecuada dosis de diálisis y permita racionalizar el consumo de agua y concentrado de diálisis (AU)

Introduction: Currently, on-line hemodiafiltration (HDF-OL) is the most effective technique. Several randomized studies and meta-analyses have shown a reduced mortality and a direct association with convective volume has been reported. At present, it has not been established if an increased dialysate flow (Qd) results in improved results in terms of convective and depurative efficiency. We aim at assessing the effects of Qd variations on convective volume and its depurative capacity in patients on HDF-OL. Material and methods: A total of 59 patients (45 men and 14 women) from a HDF-OL programme in which a monitor 5008 Cordiax with self-replacement was used, were enrolled. Patients were assessed in 5 sessions with post-dilutional HDF-OL, using helixone-based dialyzers, with only Qd being changed (300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 ml/min). Serum levels of urea (60 Da), creatinine (113 Da), 2-microglobulin (11,800 Da), myoglobin (17,200 Da) and 1- microglobulin (33,000 Da) were measured at the beginning and at the end of each session, in order to estimate the percent reduction of such solutes. Results: An increased dialysate volume per session was observed, from 117.9±6.4 L with Qd 300 ml/min to 232.4±12 L with Qd 700 ml/min. No changes were found in replacement volume or convective volume. Regarding diffusion, Qd increase was associated to a significantly increased dialysis dose, with an increased Kt from 68±6.9 L with Qd 300 ml/min to 75.5±7.3 L with Qd 700 ml/min (p < 0,001), and a gradually increased percent reduction in urea associated to increased Qd with significantly lower levels being found with Qd 300 ml/min. No changes were found in other measured substances. Conclusion: Qd variations in HDF-OL do not change convective volume. A higher Qd was associated to a slightly increased urea clearance with no change being observed for medium and large molecules. Qd optimisation to the minimal level assuring an adequate dialysis dose and allowing water and dialysate use to be rationalised should be recommended (AU)

Optimization of dialysate flow in on-line hemodiafiltration.

INTRODUCTION: Currently, on-line hemodiafiltration (HDF-OL) is the most effective technique. Several randomized studies and meta-analyses have shown a reduced mortality and a direct association with convective volume has been reported. At present, it has not been established if an increased dialysate flow (Qd) results in improved results in terms of convective and depurative efficiency. We aim at assessing the effects of Qd variations on convective volume and its depurative capacity in patients on HDF-OL. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 59 patients (45 men and 14 women) from a HDF-OL programme in which a monitor 5008 Cordiax with self-replacement was used, were enrolled. Patients were assessed in 5 sessions with post-dilutional HDF-OL, using helixone-based dialyzers, with only Qd being changed (300, 400, 500, 600 and 700ml/min). Serum levels of urea (60Da), creatinine (113 Da), ß2-microglobulin (11,800Da), myoglobin (17,200Da) and α1-microglobulin (33,000Da) were measured at the beginning and at the end of each session, in order to estimate the percent reduction of such solutes. RESULTS: An increased dialysate volume per session was observed, from 117.9±6.4 L with Qd 300ml/min to 232.4±12 L with Qd 700ml/min. No changes were found in replacement volume or convective volume. Regarding diffusion, Qd increase was associated to a significantly increased dialysis dose, with an increased Kt from 68±6.9 L with Qd 300ml/min to 75.5±7.3 L with Qd 700ml/min (p<0,001), and a gradually increased percent reduction in urea associated to increased Qd with significantly lower levels being found with Qd 300ml/min. No changes were found in other measured substances. CONCLUSION: Qd variations in HDF-OL do not change convective volume. A higher Qd was associated to a slightly increased urea clearance with no change being observed for medium and large molecules. Qd optimisation to the minimal level assuring an adequate dialysis dose and allowing water and dialysate use to be rationalised should be recommended.

Assessment of dialyzer surface in online hemodiafiltration; objective choice of dialyzer surface area.

INTRODUCTION: Online hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) is currently the most effective technique. Several randomized studies and meta-analyses have observed a reduction in mortality as well as a direct association with convective volume. Currently, it has not been well established whether a larger dialyzer surface area could provide better results in terms of convective and depurative effectiveness. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of larger dialyzer surface areas on convective volume and filtration capacity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 37 patients were studied, including 31 men and 6 women, who were in the OL-HDF program using a 5008 Cordiax monitor with auto-substitution. Each patient was analyzed in 3 sessions in which only the dialyzer surface area varied (1.0, 1.4 or 1.8 m(2)). The concentrations of urea (60 Da), creatinine (113 Da), ß2-microglobulin (11800 Da), myoglobin (17200 Da) and α1-microglobulin (33000 Da) were determined in serum at the beginning and end of each session in order to calculate the percent reduction of these solutes. RESULTS: The convective volume reached was 29.8 ± 3.0 with 1.0 m(2), 32.7 ± 3.1 (an increase of 6%) with 1.4 m(2), and 34.7 ± 3.3 L (an increase of 16%) with 1.8 m(2) (p<.001). The increased surface of the dialyzer showed an increase in the dialysis dose as well as urea and creatinine filtration. The percentage of ß2m reduction increased from 80.0 ± 5.6 with 1.0 m(2) to 83.2 ± 4.2 with 1.4 m(2) and to 84.3 ± 4.0% with 1.8 m(2). As for myoglobin and a1-microglobulin, significant differences were observed between smaller surface area (1.0 m(2)) 65.6 ± 11 and 20.1 ± 9.3 and the other two surface areas, which were 70.0 ± 8.1 and 24.1 ± 7.1 (1.4 m(2)) and 72.3 ± 8.7 and 28.6 ± 12 (1.8 m(2)). CONCLUSION: The 40% and 80% increases in surface area led to increased convective volumes of 6 and 16% respectively, while showing minimal differences in both the convective volume as well as the filtration capacity when the CUF was higher than 45 ml/h/mmHg. It is recommended to optimize the performance of dialyzers with the minimal surface area possible when adjusting the treatment prescription.

Valoración de la superficie del dializador en la hemodiafiltración on-line. Elección objetiva de la superficie del dializador / Assessment of dialyzer surface in online hemodiafiltration; objective choice of dialyzer surface area

Introducción: La hemodiafiltración on-line (HDF-OL) es actualmente la técnica más efectiva. Varios estudios aleatorizados y metaanálisis han observado una reducción de la mortalidad, objetivándose una asociación en relación directa con el volumen convectivo. En el momento presente no está bien establecido si el aumento de superficie del dializador puede suponer mejores resultados en términos de eficacia convectiva y depurativa. El objetivo del estudio fue valorar el efecto del aumento de superficie del dializador sobre el volumen convectivo y la capacidad depurativa. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 37 pacientes (31 varones y 6 mujeres) que se encontraban en programa de HDF-OL con monitor 5008Cordiax con autosustitución. Cada paciente fue analizado en 3 sesiones en las que solo se varió la superficie del dializador (1,0, 1,4 o 1,8m2). En cada sesión se determinaron la concentración de urea (60Da), creatinina (113Da), β2-microglobulina (11.800Da), mioglobina (17.200Da) y α1-microglobulina (33.000Da) en suero al inicio y al final de cada sesión, para calcular el porcentaje de reducción de estos solutos. Resultados: El volumen convectivo alcanzado fue de 29,8±3,0 con 1,0m2, de 32,7±3,1 (incremento del 6%) con 1,4m2 y de 34,7±3,3l (incremento del 16%) con 1,8m2 (p<0,001). El incremento de la superficie del dializador mostró un aumento de la dosis de diálisis y de la depuración de urea y creatinina. El porcentaje de reducción de β2-microglobulina se incrementó de 80,0±5,6 con 1,0m2, a 83,2±4,2 con 1,4m2 y a 84,3±4,0% con 1,8m2. Respecto a la mioglobina y la a1-microglobulina, se observaron diferencias significativas entre la menor superficie (1,0m2) 65,6±11 y 20,1±9,3; y las otras 2 superficies 70,0±8,1 y 24,1±7,1 (1,4m2) y 72,3±8,7 y 28,6±12 (1,8m2). Conclusión: El incremento del 40% y el 80% de la superficie conlleva un aumento del volumen convectivo de un 6 y un 16% respectivamente, aunque se evidenció una reducción en su máximo rendimiento, mostrando mínimas diferencias tanto en el volumen convectivo como en la capacidad depurativa cuando el CUF era superior a 45 ml/h/mmHg. Es recomendable optimizar el rendimiento de los dializadores a la mínima superficie posible adecuando la prescripción de tratamiento (AU)

Introduction: Online hemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) is currently the most effective technique. Several randomized studies and meta-analyses have observed a reduction in mortality as well as a direct association with convective volume. Currently, it has not been well established whether a larger dialyzer surface area could provide better results in terms of convective and depurative effectiveness. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of larger dialyzer surface areas on convective volume and filtration capacity. Material and methods: A total of 37 patients were studied, including 31 men and 6 women, who were in the OL-HDF program using a 5008 Cordiax monitor with auto-substitution. Each patient was analyzed in 3 sessions in which only the dialyzer surface area varied (1.0, 1.4 or 1.8 m2). The concentrations of urea (60 Da), creatinine (113 Da), β2-microglobulin (11800 Da), myoglobin (17200 Da) and α1-microglobulin (33000 Da) were determined in serum at the beginning and end of each session in order to calculate the percent reduction of these solutes. Results: The convective volume reached was 29.8 ± 3.0 with 1.0 m2, 32.7 ± 3.1 (an increase of 6%) with 1.4 m2, and 34.7 ± 3.3 L (an increase of 16%) with 1.8 m2 (p<.001). The increased surface of the dialyzer showed an increase in the dialysis dose as well as urea and creatinine filtration. The percentage of β2m reduction increased from 80.0 ± 5.6 with 1.0 m2 to 83.2 ± 4.2 with 1.4 m2 and to 84.3 ± 4.0% with 1.8 m2. As for myoglobin and a1-microglobulin, significant differences were observed between smaller surface area (1.0 m2) 65.6 ± 11 and 20.1 ± 9.3 and the other two surface areas, which were 70.0 ± 8.1 and 24.1 ± 7.1 (1.4 m2) and 72.3 ± 8.7 and 28.6 ± 12 (1.8 m2). Conclusion: The 40% and 80% increases in surface area led to increased convective volumes of 6 and 16% respectively, while showing minimal differences in both the convective volume as well as the filtration capacity when the CUF was higher than 45 ml/h/mmHg. It is recommended to optimize the performance of dialyzers with the minimal surface area possible when adjusting the treatment prescription (AU)

Hemodiafiltración on-line con autosustitución: valoración de los cambios del flujo de sangre sobre el volumen convectivo y eficacia / On-line haemodiafiltration with auto-substitution: assessment of blood flow changes on convective volume and efficiency

Introducción: La hemodiafiltración on-line (HDF-OL) es actualmente la técnica más efectiva y varios estudios aleatorizados y metaanálisis han visto una reducción de la mortalidad, observándose una asociación en relación directa con el volumen convectivo. El flujo de sangre (Qb) limita el flujo de infusión al 25-33 % y constituye el principal factor limitante para alcanzar un volumen de sustitución óptimo. Con la reciente incorporación de monitores con sistema de autosustitución, el objetivo del estudio fue valorar el efecto de las variaciones del Qb sobre el volumen convectivo y la capacidad depurativa. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 23 pacientes, 17 varones y 6 mujeres, con una edad media de 65,5 ± 10 años, tiempo de diálisis 292,2 ± 15 min, que se encontraban en programa de HDF-OL con monitor 5008 Cordiax con autosustitución. Cada paciente fue analizado en cinco sesiones en las que solo se varió el Qb (250, 300, 350, 400 y 450 ml/min). En cada sesión se determinaron el volumen de sustitución, el volumen convectivo total y los parámetros de diálisis. Se determinó la concentración de urea (60 Da), creatinina (113 Da), β2-microglobulina (11 800 Da), mioglobina (17 200 Da), prolactina (23 000 Da), α1-microglobulina (33 000 Da) y α1-glicoproteína ácida (40 000 Da) en plasma al inicio y al final de cada sesión para calcular el porcentaje de reducción de estos solutos. Resultados: La presión transmembrana fue inferior con Qb 250 ml/min. Se observó un aumento significativo del volumen convectivo con el incremento del Qb, 23,7, 26,9, 30,2, 32,8 y 35,2 l/sesión a 250, 300, 350, 400 y 450 ml/min, respectivamente (P < 0,001), representando un porcentaje de la sangre total depurada del 33,2, 31,2, 30,2, 28,7 y 27,3 %, respectivamente. Los porcentajes de reducción de urea y creatinina aumentaron progresivamente con el Qb, se observaron ligeras diferencias con la β2-microglobulina y la mioglobina, y no se observaron cambios en las grandes moléculas. Conclusión: Por cada 50 ml/min de aumento del Qb el volumen convectivo aumenta entre 8 y 12 ml/min. El sistema de autosustitución potencia los Qb más bajos en el porcentaje del volumen convectivo respecto a la sangre total depurada. El Qb aumenta la capacidad depurativa de las moléculas pequeñas, favorece la de la β2-microglobulina y la mioglobina, y no influye en moléculas de superior peso molecular (AU)

Introduction: On-line haemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) is currently the most effective technique and several randomised studies and meta-analyses have seen a reduction in mortality and an association directly related with convective volume is observed. Blood flow (Qb) limits the infusion rate to 25-33 % and is the main limiting factor for reaching an optimum substitution volume. With the recent incorporation of monitors with auto-substitution systems, the aim of the study was to assess the effect of Qb variations on convective volume and purifying capacity. Material and Methods: 23 patients, 17 men and 6 women, were included, with an average age of 65.5 ±10 years, time on dialysis 292.2 ± 15 minutes, which were in the OL-HDF programme with the 5008 Cordiax monitor with auto-substitution. Each patient was analysed over 5 sessions in which only the Qb was changed (250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 ml/min). In each session the substitution volume, total convective volume and parameters of dialysis were measured. The concentration of urea (60 Da), creatinine (113 Da), β2-microglobulin (11,800 Da), myoglobin (17,200 Da), prolactin (23,000 Da), α1-microglobulin (33,000 Da) and α1-acid glycoprotein (40,000 Da) in plasma was measured at the start and end of each session in order to calculate the percentage of reduction of these solutes. Results: The trans-membrane pressure was less, with Qb 250 ml/min. A significant increase in convective volume was observed with the increase in Qb, 23.7, 26.9, 30.2, 32.8 and 35.2 l/session to 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 ml/min, respectively (P < 0.001), representing a percentage of total purified blood of 33.2, 31.2, 30.2, 28.7 and 27.3 % respectively. The percentages of reduction of urea and creatine progressively increased with Qb, slight differences were observed with β2-microglobulin and myoglobin, and no changes were observed in the larger molecules. Conclusion: For each 50 ml/min increase in Qb, the convective volume increased by between 8 and 12 ml/min. The auto-substitution system strengthens the lowest Qbs in the percentage of convective volume with regards to total purified blood. Qb increases the purifying capacity of small molecules, favouring that of β2-microglobulin and myoglobin, and does not influence molecules of a greater molecular weight (AU)

On-line haemodiafiltration with auto-substitution: assessment of blood flow changes on convective volume and efficiency.

INTRODUCTION: On-line haemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) is currently the most effective technique and several randomised studies and meta-analyses have seen a reduction in mortality and an association directly related with convective volume is observed. Blood flow (Qb) limits the infusion rate to 25-33 % and is the main limiting factor for reaching an optimum substitution volume. With the recent incorporation of monitors with auto-substitution systems, the aim of the study was to assess the effect of Qb variations on convective volume and purifying capacity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 23 patients, 17 men and 6 women, were included, with an average age of 65.5 ±10 years, time on dialysis 292.2 ± 15 minutes, which were in the OL-HDF programme with the 5008 Cordiax monitor with auto-substitution. Each patient was analysed over 5 sessions in which only the Qb was changed (250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 ml/min). In each session the substitution volume, total convective volume and parameters of dialysis were measured. The concentration of urea (60 Da), creatinine (113 Da), β2-microglobulin (11,800 Da), myoglobin (17,200 Da), prolactin (23,000 Da), α1-microglobulin (33,000 Da) and α1-acid glycoprotein (40,000 Da) in plasma was measured at the start and end of each session in order to calculate the percentage of reduction of these solutes. RESULTS: The trans-membrane pressure was less, with Qb 250 ml/min. A significant increase in convective volume was observed with the increase in Qb, 23.7, 26.9, 30.2, 32.8 and 35.2 l/session to 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 ml/min, respectively (P < 0.001), representing a percentage of total purified blood of 33.2, 31.2, 30.2, 28.7 and 27.3 % respectively. The percentages of reduction of urea and creatine progressively increased with Qb, slight differences were observed with β2-microglobulin and myoglobin, and no changes were observed in the larger molecules. CONCLUSION: For each 50 ml/min increase in Qb, the convective volume increased by between 8 and 12 ml/min. The auto-substitution system strengthens the lowest Qbs in the percentage of convective volume with regards to total purified blood. Qb increases the purifying capacity of small molecules, favouring that of β2-microglobulin and myoglobin, and does not influence molecules of a greater molecular weight.